Other Ideological Traditions

https://www.tutor2u.net/politics/collections/profiles-of-key-political-thinkers

Classical

 * John Locke - Voluntary social contract between individuals and the state, government is based on consent from below, but direct democracy and universal suffrage leads to the tyranny of the majority. Humans have natural rights that the state must respect. People are inherently rational. Using force to change somebody's religious or political beliefs is irrational and unjust. Government should be limited, but “where laws do not exist, man has no freedom".
 * Mary Wollstonecraft - Women are (mentally) just as capable as men and should receive the same education and opportunities, arguing “the mind has no gender”. However despite supporting the idea that women should be allowed careers to be independent of men, she supported traditional marriage.
 * John Stuart Mill - People should be free to do whatever they want, even if it harms themselves, as long as it doesn't harm others. Opinions or beliefs should not be forced upon others and debating points is important for a healthy society rather than shutting them down. The majority is not necessarily right just because they are the majority.

Modern

 * John Rawls - A just society is a fair society, and a fair society is one where no-one would care what circumstances they are born into - i.e. the outcome is based purely on personal merit. Some socialist ideas (state welfare, education, housing etc) are compatible with liberalism. Humans are not necessarily rational and all possess equal ignorance, but are universally risk-averse.
 * Betty Friedan - Social as well as legal change is necessary to achieve the liberation of women and equality with men. Traditional marriage roles should not be forced upon women, but there is no problem with those who choose that life.

Traditional

 * Thomas Hobbes - Social contract between citizens and an authoritarian state. Advocate of absolute monarchy. Any form of order is preferable to a total lack of order, which is chaos and suffering. If the state breaches the contract by acting tyrannically, the citizens have the right to rebel. Pessimistic view on human nature. Humans only have whatever rights they can defend - "natural rights" do not exist.
 * Edmund Burke - Social contract also expands to the dead and those yet to be born, so the state must consider the past, the present and the future. Burkean model of representation where elected representatives have the autonomy to make their own judgements, as the political elite are theoretically more wise and more skilled than the average voter. Counter-enlightenment philosophy that humans are not fundamentally rational and that society is naturally hierarchical.

One-Nation

 * Michael Oakeshott - The state ensures social harmony and cannot create a new society by chasing progress, instead a pragmatic approach of sustaining the status quo should be taken, and the state should be paternalistic but not overly intervene in the economy. His definition of conservatism is “to prefer the familiar to the unknown, to prefer the tried to the untried … [and] the actual to the possible.”

New Right

 * Ayn Rand - Absolute economic freedom; humans have a duty to be selfish and he who does not work shall not eat. Selfish capitalism is morally right. To be altruisic and self-sacrificing is immoral. Strongly individualistic, praising the creation of wealth over the redistribution of wealth.
 * Robert Nozick - Promotes a minimal state and libertarian economics. Concept of natural justice, i.e. the justice that occurs without state interference. Individuals are entitled to use their resources however they see fit - any outcome from the free exchange of labour and other resources is a just one. Believed taxation was theft. "Victimless crimes" such as drug abuse are the responsibility of the individual and not the state.

Revolutionary

 * Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels - Capitalists are parasites who exploit the proletariat (workers) to make money. Capitalism is contradictory in that it claims to create wealth but relies upon capitalists exploiting their workers and paying the lowest wage possible. Revolution is necessary and, once the proletariat realise they are being exploited by the bourgeoisie, inevitable. Called for the abolition of private property and the free market. History boils down to "dialectical materialism" - the struggle between classes over resources. Humans are naturally altruistic and want to help their fellow man, but capitalism makes them more selfish.
 * Rosa Luxemburg - Achieving communism is impossible through gradual reform, and a revolution is the only way to make it happen. Adherence to tradition stifles individual expression. Generally believed the same as Marx and Engels.

Democratic

 * Beatrice Webb - Mass nationalisation and the creation of a command economy is the only way to liberate the proletariat by abolishing class. However, this needs to come through gradual change by creating a technocratic elite that will “impregnate all the existing forces of society” - a bloody revolution will do no good.

Social Democrat

 * Anthony Crosland - Socialism can be achieved by humanising the capitalist system. The focus should be placed on eradicating poverty and aiding the disadvantaged rather than nationalising industry and abolishing private property.

Third Way

 * Anthony Giddens - Some aspects of capitalism are compatible with socialist ideals - the private sector and free enterprise are not necessarily bad things but should be kept from exploiting the proletariat. Those who claim benefits are obligated to improve their situation - it is "a hand-up, not a hand-out".